Literature
- Albuquerque, R. M. 1954-1956. Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Chavas para a sua determinação. Port. Acta biol., ser. B, 5: xvi+1167 pp., 445 fig.
- Clark, R. S. 1922. Rays and Skates (Raiae). No. 1. Egg-Capsules and Young. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K (n.s.), 12 (4): 577-643, fig 1-20.
- Clark, R. S. 1926. Rays and Skates, a revision of the european species. Fisheries, Scotland, Scient. Invest., (1) :1-66, fig. 1-42, pl. 1-36.
- Clark, R. S. 1929-1932. Selachii, Raiidae. In: L. Joubin, ed., Faune ichthyol. Atl. N., CIEM, Copenhagen: fiches 34bis-57.
- Day, F. 1880-1884. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vol., cxii+336 pp., 5 +7 fig., 92 pl. and 388 pp., 87 pl. 1880: 1(1): pp. 1-64, pl. I-XXVII; 1881: 1(2) (3): pp. 65-240, pl. XXVIII-LXVIII; 1882: 1(4): pp. 241-336, pl. LXIX-XCII; 2 (5): pp. 1-96, pl. XCIII-CXVI; 1883: 2 (6): pp. 97-176, pl. CXVII-CXXXII; 2 (7): pp. 177-272, pl. CXXXIII-CXLVIII; 1884: 2 (8): pp. 273-368, pl. CXLIX-CLXXIX.
- Duméril, A. H. A. 1865. Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale, Paris, 2 vol., 1: 720 p., Atlas: 14 pl.
- Ehrenbaum, E. 1936. Naturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Seefische Nordeuropas, in Handbuch der Seefischerei N. Eur., 2: x+337 pp., 276 fig., 2 tabl., 26 pl.
- Fowler, H. W. 1936. The Marine Fishes of West Africa, based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition 1909-1915. Bull. am. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (1), Jan. 21,.
- Holt, E. W. L.; Calderwood, W. L. 1895. Report on the rarer fishes in Survey of fishing-grounds, West coast of Ireland, 1890-1891. Scient. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc., 5 (2): pp. 360-524, pl. XXXIX-XLIV.
- Jenkins, J. T. 1925. The fishes of the British Isles both fresh water and salt. London: vii + 376 p., 143 pl.
- Le Danois, Ed. 1913a. Contribution à l'étude systématique et biologique des poissons de la Manche Occidentale. Annls Inst. océanogr., Monaco, 5 (5): pp. 1-124, 319 fig.
- Leigh-Sharpe, W. H. 1924. The comparative morphology of the secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes. The claspers, clasper siphons, and claspr glands. VII. J. Morph., 39 (2): 567-577, fig. 1-15.
- Lozano y Rey, L. 1928. Fauna Ibérica. Pesces (Generalidades, Ciclóstomos y Elasmobranquios). Mus. Nac. Ciencias Nat., Madrid, 1:1-692,197 fig., 20 pl.
- Montagu, G. 1818. An account of several new and rare species of fishes, taken on the south coast of Devonshire, with some remarks on some others of more common occurrence. Mem. Wern. nat. Hist. Soc., Edinb., 2, 1811-16: 413-463, pl. XXI-XXIII.
- Moreau, E. 1881-1891. Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, Paris, I, 1881: pp. I-VII+1-480, fig. 1-82; II, 1881: pp. 1-572, fig. 83-145; III, 1881: pp. 1-697, fig. 146-220; Suppl., 1891: pp. 1-144, fig. 221-227.
- Muller, J.; Henle, J. 1841. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin, xxii+204 pp., 60 pl.
- Pietschmann, V. 1906. Ichthyologische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Island, an die atlantische Küste von Marokko und in die westliche Hälfte des Mittelmeeres. Annln naturh. Mus. Wien, 21: 72-148, fig. 1-7, pl. 5-6.
- Stehmann, M. 1970. Vergleichend morphologische und anatomische Untersuchungen zur Neuordnung der Systematik der nordostatlantischen Rajidae (Chondrichthyes, Batoidei). Arch. FischWiss., 21(2): 73-163,1 fig., pl. 1-27.
- Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, Melbourne and Toronto: pp. i-xvii+1-163, 5+177 fig., 392 fig. (princ. sp.), 92 n. num. fig., 16 pl., maps.
- Williamson, H. C. 1913. On the eggs of certain skates (Raia). Scient. Invest. Fishery Bd Scotl., 1912 [.